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Evidence
Exposure Therapy
Randomized Clinical Trials
- Panic:
- Bouchard S, et al. (1996) Exposure versus cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther 34: 213 224.
- Barlow, D. H., et al. (1989). Behavioral treatment for panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 261-282.
- De Ruiter, C., et al. (1989). Breathing retraining, exposure and a combination of both, in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 647-655.
- Ost, L-G., et al. (2004). Cognitive behavior therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42, 1105-1127.
- Social Phobia:
- Blomhoff, S., et al. (2005). Randomised controlled general practice trial of sertraline, exposure therapy and combined treatment in generalised social phobia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 23-30.
- Haug, T. T., et al. (2003). Exposure therapy and sertraline in social phobia: 1-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 312-318.
- GAD:
- Barlow, D. H., et al. (1992). Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Ther, 23, 551-570.
- Borkovec, T. D., et al. (2002). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. J Consul and Clin Psychol, 70: 288-298.
- PTSD:
- Foa, E. B., et al. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67, 194-200.
- Foa, E. B., et al. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 953-964.
Reviews & Meta Analyses
- Norton, P. J. et al. (2007). A meta-analytic review of cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 521-531.
- Deacon & Abramovitz (2004). Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. J Clin Psychol. 2004 Apr;60(4):429-41.
- Gava, I., et al. (2007). Psychological treatments versus treatment as usual for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Art. No.: CD005333. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005333.pub2
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Randomized Clinical Trials
- Panic:
- Barlow, D. H., et al. (2000) Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2529-2536.
- Beck, J. G., et al. (1994). Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 818-826.
- Ost, L-G., et al. (2004) Cognitive behavior therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1105-1127.
- Social Phobia:
- Clark, D. M., et al. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058-1067.
- Heimberg, R. G., et al. (1998). Cognitive behavioral group therapy vs phenelzine therapy for social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1133-1141.
- GAD:
- Borkovec, T. D., et al. (2002). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70, 288-298.
- Ladouceur, R., et al. (2000). Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 957-964.
- OCD:
- McLean, P. D., et al. (2001) Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 205-214.
- Vogel, P. A., et al. (2004). Adding cognitive therapy elements to exposure therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: a controlled study. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, 275-290.
- PTSD:
- Bryant, R. A., et al. (2003). Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 706-712.
- Ehlers, A., et al. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413-431.
- Transdiagnostic:
- Norton, P. J. (in press). A randomized clinical trial of transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety disorder by comparison to relaxation training. Behavior Therapy.
- Schmidt, N. B., et al. (in press). Randomized controlled trial of False Safety Behavior Elimination Therapy (F-SET): A unified cognitive behavioral treatment for anxiety psychopathology. Behavior Therapy.
Reviews & Meta Analyses
- Hofmann, S. G. et al. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 621-632.
- Hunot, V., et al. (2007). Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Art. No.: CD001848. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001848.pub4
- Norton, P. J. et al. (2007). A meta-analytic review of cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 521-531.
Tools
Treatment Manuals
Exposure Therapy
- Abramowitz, J. S., et al.(2010). Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice. New York: Guilford.
- Rosqvist, J. (2005). Exposure treatments for anxiety disorders: A practitioner's guide to concepts, methods, and evidence-based practice. New York: Routledge.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Norton (in press). Transdiagnostic anxiety treatment: A cognitive-behavioral manual for the treatment of anxiety disorders. New York: Guilford.
Client Self-Help Books
Exposure Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Books
- Antony & Norton (2009). The anti-anxiety workbook: Proven strategies to overcome worry, phobias, panic, and obsessions. New York: Guilford.
- Bourne (2011). The anxiety & phobia workbook. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Assessments
Acknowledgements
- Peter J. Norton, Ph.D.
- Bonnie Spring, Ph.D., ABPP